The decades-long peace talks between the Nagas and the government of India have yet to yield a successful and enduring settlement for the Naga political issues. Since the signing of the first Framework Agreement in 1964, which aimed to grant Nagaland independence, the right to self-determination, and recognition of inherent rights, subsequent efforts have failed to bring about significant progress.
Despite multiple rounds of meetings and negotiations, the nature of the settlement remains unchanged, leaving the Naga political demands in a state of uncertainty. The Indian government’s refusal to acknowledge multi-faction divisions beyond the state government as the main interlocutor has further complicated the situation. Moreover, the precise demands of the Naga people, beyond the three core points, remain obscured, as the Government of India contends that the original framework did not include provisions for a separate Yehzabo (law or constitution) and a distinct Naga flag.
Abruptly, the latest incident of Oting massacre of Mon District due to AFSPA Act, as means to demand the fastest political settlement isn’t strong enough when compared to the degree of severity in terms of casualties witnessed in the early 2000’s. So many spine-chilling records of incidents on right violation yet so little was done on part of the ruling govt. It is more certain that the ruling government isn’t ready to grant autonomy to the northeastern region.
AFSPA in Nagaland
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has had a significant impact on the Naga population, leading to ongoing human rights violations in Nagaland. AFSPA grants special powers to the armed forces, including the power to arrest without a warrant, conduct searches, and use force, in areas declared as “disturbed” by the central government.
AFSPA Act’s embedded rules when viewed, is a clear display of political will on part of the Central govt which started during the Congress’ led government. The current NDA led govt is criticized by the opposing central party for the delay, however the blame game is vice-versa. With every election comes unending commitment to resolve the settlement but without absolute outcome. The enforcement for sovereignty is far from being granted and AFSPA is in fact an intrusive imposition and suppression on Nagas through militarized design to prohibit Nagas from seeking shelter in the hands of its own political leaders and those individuals that strives to unite and create uniformity in the public’s eyes for an independent Naga state since the Naga Independence though celebrated every year on 14 Aug since 1947 has never really been recognised by Indian administrative units.
There is a pressing need to review and reconsider the applicability of AFSPA in Nagaland despite the area being reduced by April 2023, the Act has been a source of contention and has not achieved its intended purpose of restoring peace and stability in the region.
It is essential to uphold the principles of justice, human rights, and dignity for all, and work towards creating an environment where the rights of the Naga population are respected and protected. While direct effects of violence in relation to the demand for independence has been low post 2000’s, it is crucial to finding a peaceful and just resolution to the issues plaguing the region.
Role of Youths
The youths as of Nagaland Census Record in 2011 forms the 5th and 6th biggest population group aged 20-24 and 25-29, could have a definite underlining role in facilitating the change of how govt rule is implemented and play a vital role in the coming years for a better Nagaland. While many may be aloof from the historical context as to why Nagaland seeks a permanent solution to the political unrest, the state ranks amongst the worst in terms of employment, an alarming call to action despite enjoying a much higher gender ratio of education opportunities amongst the Northeast region. Of course , unemployment may not directly be an impairment of the unsettled condition but it further underscores the urgency for action.
The youth of Nagaland possesses the power to initiate and contribute to positive change in various sectors. Moreover, the youth can act as catalysts for social progress and inclusivity. It is essential for the youth of Nagaland to recognize their potential and actively contribute to the betterment of their state. By seizing opportunities, acquiring relevant skills, and channeling their enthusiasm into meaningful action, they can shape the trajectory of Nagaland’s development. Through collaboration with the government, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders, the youth can collectively drive positive change and pave the way for a prosperous and peaceful Nagaland for generations to come.
Civil Societies as Peacemakers
Civil society organizations have played a significant role in the peace process in Nagaland. They have acted as intermediaries, facilitating discussions and negotiations between the government and Naga political organizations. These organizations have organized peace summits, conferences, and public consultations to promote dialogue, understanding, and reconciliation among different factions.
They have also addressed grievances, promoted healing, and sought redress for past human rights violations. Additionally, civil society groups have focused on social and economic issues, such as development, education, healthcare, and sustainable livelihoods, to address the root causes of discontent and create a conducive environment for lasting peace. By prioritizing dialogue, trust-building, inclusivity, and comprehensive reforms, the central government and Naga political groups can work towards a sustainable resolution in Nagaland.
Nagaland and Northeast
The unresolved Naga political issue has far-reaching implications for the broader Northeast region, leading to regional instability and hindering the overall development and progress of the northeastern states. One of the key consequences is the spillover of violence, as militant groups take advantage of porous borders and establish bases in neighboring states. This not only poses significant security challenges but also disrupts the peace and stability of the entire region.
Neighboring states with significant Naga populations experience inter-ethnic tensions and periodic outbreaks of violence. This hampers social cohesion and peaceful coexistence among diverse communities, further impacting the region’s stability. The protracted conflict acts as a major impediment to connectivity and economic growth in the region. The Naga political issue further hampers cross-border cooperation and regional integration initiatives. Without a resolution, cohesive and cooperative frameworks among neighboring states are difficult to establish, hampering opportunities for shared prosperity, trade, and people-to-people exchanges. The prolonged conflict contributes to security challenges and militarization in the region, with the presence of security forces and counter-insurgency operations creating an environment of fear and uncertainty. Culturally, the Naga political issue is closely tied to the preservation of Naga culture and identity.
The lack of resolution perpetuates a sense of uncertainty and insecurity among Naga communities, affecting their cultural preservation efforts. Addressing the Naga political issue requires a comprehensive and inclusive approach that addresses the aspirations and grievances of all stakeholders. Such an approach should promote inter-state cooperation, prioritize socio-economic development, and foster peace and stability. Resolving the Naga conflict will not only benefit Nagaland but also contribute to regional integration, connectivity, and overall progress in the Northeast.
Way ahead?
On part of Nagaland, the leaders and the several factions on grounds of ‘greater Nagalim’, with at least 16 groups, run unparallel to the demands of Naga publics to bring transparency as to how demands are addressed to the central govt. The constraints of ‘failing to arrive at mutual understanding’, shows the growing ‘self-interests’, designating it as irrational when countered with coming to terms of the presence of several key players as none of the self styled leaders do not show the possibility of shared power and oneness if at all Nagas attain its independent stature, thereby creating uncertainty and instability as to how the aftermath will be handled. At end points, when the settlement is over, the state’s general population along with the leaders will be at risk and perhaps open an opportunity for bloodshed because gun-point death threats can be expected to be unleashed while addressing all prerequisites for an independent state.
Lack of leadership, conflicts with other NE states in terms of militancy, border issues as it arises though of temporary nature tends to overshadow the more important issues in resolving the Naga political issue. Also, the newly tabled demand of NSCN (IM) to bring together Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur under ‘Nagalim’, is very unlikely as the other states are not in an agreed position.
The central govt is as stern in its demand to settle the Naga issue only through one main interlocutor, with assurance of PM Modi to end the issue by 2023 election. The CM, Neiphiu Rio as the chief interlocutor and the longest serving political veteran has made little differences with the last meeting in 2015 between GoI and the Naga Political Groups. As skeptical as the nature for the settlement is, Nagas demand for right to self determination could end up within nestled self-interest leadership and lack of effectiveness.